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| Cracks form in a field near Firebaugh, California. © David McNew/Getty Images |
November 29, 2015 - CALIFORNIA, UNITED STATES - On a day when the skies were ashen from the smoke of distant wildfires,
Chase Hurley kept his eyes trained on the slower-moving disaster at
ground level: collapsing levees, buckling irrigation canals, water
rising up over bridges and sloshing over roads.
This is the hidden disaster of California's drought. So much water has been pumped out of the ground that
vast areas of the Central Valley are sinking, destroying millions of dollars in infrastructure in the gradual collapse.
Four years of drought - and the last two years of record-smashing heat - have put water in extremely short supply.
Such climate-charged scenarios form the backdrop to the United Nations
negotiations starting in Paris on 30 November, which are seeking to
agree on collective action to reduce greenhouse gas emissions.
But the real-time evidence of climate change and the other effects of
human interference in natural systems are already changing the contours
of California's landscape.
The strongest El Niño in 18 years is expected to bring some
drought improvement to the Central Valley this winter, but the weather
system won't end it, according to the National Oceanic and Atmospheric
Administration.
The Central Valley is the world's largest patch of class one
soil, considered to be the best for crops, and produces about 40% of the
country's fruits, nuts and vegetables.
In some parts of the valley, however, the
land is sinking at a rate of 2in (5cm) a month.
About 1,200 square miles, roughly bounded by interstate 5 and state
route 99, is collapsing into what scientists describe as a "cone of
depression".
"The land around here is sinking, and as it is sinking, the bridge is going with it," said Hurley, manager of the San Luis Obispo water company, on a tour of sinking infrastructure near the town of Firebaugh.
The water company, which is owned by area farmers, had recently rebuilt the levee, he said. But
"because the water is hitting the bridge, they are going to have to reconstruct the bridge".
Wellheads were being destroyed, because they could not maintain
pressure. Dams were sinking. "I am having a hard time pushing water
through my canal," Hurley said.
The sinking is a consequence of farmers' desperate efforts to stay in
business after California began cutting off their access to rivers and
reservoirs because of the drought.
The farmers began a literal race to the bottom, going
underground, drilling new and deeper wells, and pumping so much water
from the layers of sediment, sand and clay that it is causing the ground
to collapse.
The sinking is worse in this part of the valley because it is rich in
clay. Pumping pulls the water out of the clay pores, causing the clay
layer to collapse. "The issue is the amount of deepwater pumping below
the clay. That is what is causing the subsidence," Hurley said. "The
land is sinking as they extract the water below the clay; there is a
pressure differential. It is pulling the water out of the clay layer,
and when it does, the clay collapses. And as it collapses, it brings
everything with it."
On a mid-September day with temperatures reaching above 100F (38C),
Steve Arthur took shelter in his air-conditioned truck in a prune
orchard near the town of Merced, while overseeing a crew drilling a new
well.
The harvest was over and the owner had left the trees to fend for
themselves. The leaves were so dry they crackled. As the rig bore into
the earth, wet clay slopped out, landing in a heap.
Arthur, whose family has been drilling water wells in the Central Valley since the 1950s,
estimated he had drilled 10 new wells a month during the drought.
There was no way of keeping up with demand - even favoured customers
were told they would wait months, if not years. In one week, he said, he
installed more than 5,000ft of well casing.
The harvest was already over, and the farmer had no water to spare for
the trees. But they must still be sustained, Arthur said. "If you can't
pump any water, everything will die. These crops cannot go a year
without water. Everything you see for miles will be dead."
Arthur recognises that farmers are trapped in this race to the
bottom. The Central Valley is the second most pumped aquifer system in
the country, according to the US Geological Survey.
His family runs their own small almond orchard near his home in Fresno.
Last year his own well ran dry, because the water table dropped so low.
Arthur goes on at length about the importance of agriculture to the
Central Valley, to the country. He has no patience with the authorities'
decision to cut off farmers and protect the state's rivers - seeing it
as a misguided attempt to preserve fish.
But even Arthur recognises that there are costs to pumping out the water
beneath during these years of drought. "Are we over-pumping? I am sure
they are probably doing that now because they don't have any choice,"
Arthur said.
California records stretching back to the 1920s show the water
table dropping during times of drought and recovering somewhat during
years when there was heavy snowfall in the Sierra Nevada. The snowpack
provides almost a third of California's water supply.
The state has also experienced subsidence, with an emblematic picture of a stranded road sign exhibiting the drop.
But the deepening drought in 2015, along with a snowpack in the Sierra
Nevada at a 500-year low, made the drop bigger and deeper.
"Because of increased pumping, groundwater levels are reaching record lows
- up to 100ft lower than previous records," Mark Cowin, the director of
California's department of water resources, told reporters in August at
the release of a subsidence report. "As extensive groundwater pumping
continues, the land is sinking more rapidly and this puts nearby
infrastructure at greater risk of costly damage."
The California legislature last year voted to direct the state's water
agencies to come up with plans to guarantee supplies into the future.
Satellite data, analysed by University of California at Irvine
scientists, suggest that the state has been losing about 4tn gallons of
water a year from the Sacramento and San Joaquin river basins since the
drought began in 2011.
The satellites use highly sensitive gravity measures to monitor changes
in the amount of water stored underground in soil and rock.
According to Jay Famiglietti, a water scientist at Nasa's jet propulsion lab in Pasadena and a professor at UC Irvine, two-thirds of the lost water has been sucked out of aquifers in the Central Valley, causing parts of the valley to sink.
In some parts of the valley, the land has been dropping by almost 2in a month, according to Nasa satellite measurements.
Land near the city of Corcoran sank 13in in just eight months. Parts of
the California aqueduct sank 8in in just four months last year.
The subsidence has already damaged and destroyed bridges, pipelines and roads, and is threatening thousands of miles more.
It is twisting and crushing well casings, and could
eventually reduce the underground aquifer's water storage potential.
"Without the water to support those holes, the clays align and you get
compaction," said David Cehrs, a water scientist and president of the
Kings River conservation district around Fresno. The situation is far
worse in geological formations with more clay than sand, such as on the
western side of the San Joaquin valley.
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| A water canal used for irrigation running along a newly planted vineyard is nearly dry. © Michael Nelson/EPA |
"With clay you get compaction up to 60%," he said. "Sands also compact,"
he went on. But he said: "If you dewater the sands you can put the
water back into holes; if you dewater the clay you dewater the holes,
and you can't get the water back in it because you can't refill the
clay."
That is, even if El Niño does bring heavy rains, there is no
natural way to store the water. "We have lost that water storage
capacity forever," Cehrs said.
On the night before Thanksgiving in 2005, Carey Wilson, who lives in the
small Central Valley community of Madera Rancho, started to wash the
dishes piled up in her kitchen sink - to find there was only air
sputtering out of the tap. She called a service company to lower her
well, which was originally drilled at a depth of 258ft. A year later,
when that well went dry, Wilson, a single mother and federal government
worker, paid $12,000 to drill a new well to 389ft and install a more
powerful pump.
But her neighbours, who were facing similar problems with their wells,
also started drilling, going down deeper than her well. "They were
pulling the plug out from underneath us," she said. "It was homeowner
against homeowner."
Major farms in the area dug deeper still, often to depths in the
thousands of feet. On days when she did laundry, Wilson began to notice
the pump kicking on when she was in the shower.
By August 2014, the water table in her area had dropped 18ft. The land
had dropped too, twisting and crushing the PVC pipe connected to the
well, she said.
"I know the writing is on the wall," Wilson said. "It doesn't matter if
it rains for 40 days and 40 nights, here the water table is never going
to go up." -
The Guardian.
